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1. 试题：

Text 3

As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makesus re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographsthat show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the imageof 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started postingthem on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprisedto see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They arenoting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as thehundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter.

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographicportraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absentlyinto the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposuretimes were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing animage on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical dutieswas too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became thenorm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction ofthe Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’sdigital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smileswere relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for anexplanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesygrin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victoriansaying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouthswere often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve ofthe super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lackedclass: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with asmile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not abecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed ahearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

2. 答案详解：

31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter

A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.

B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.

C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.

D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.

【答案】A。根据题干posts on Twitter定位至第一段插入语部分since I started posting them onTwitter，后面的主句they have been causing quite astir提到，引起了人们的反应。下一句提到了人们惊讶地发现维多利亚人竟然会笑，故而是改变了人们对维多利亚人的印象，A选项为正确答案。

【干扰项】文章只是在插入语部分提到了作者在推特上转发造成人们对维多利亚人印象的转变，论证的观点并不是推特的作用，B选项属于无中生有;re-evaluate出现在段首句，提到的是作者对过去重新进行评估分析，而不是对维多利亚人的观念，故而排除C选项;第一段并未提到维多利亚人照片的发展，这部分属于后面几段的内容，不在定位段，故而排除D选项。

答案

32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he hascollected?

A. They are in popular use among historians.

B. They are rare among photographs of that age.

C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D. They show effects of different exposure times.

【答案】B。根据题干中的collected定位到第二段第一句，对应词尾collection，根据only a tinypercentage，可推出作者的照片在维多利亚人的照片中占比非常低，也就是稀有，rare是对这两个词的同意替换，故而选B选项。

【干扰项】A选项与段首句和B内容相反，直接排除;19世纪的内容在后面的下文中才提到，并且根据下文可得出19世纪的传统是维多利亚人照相的时候并不笑，而作者的照片反映了维多利亚人微笑的情况，故而与语义相反，排除C选项;differentexposure times出现在第三段和下文中，并且作者的照片与这个没有任何关系，属于无中生有，排除D选项。

33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?

A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B. Their tension before the camera.

C. Their distrust of new inventions.

D. Their unhealthy dental condition.

【答案】A。根据题干中的1890s定位至文章第四段尾句，提到了维多利亚人在这个时代照相的时候仍然不爱笑，并且该句引出了原因，则继续定位至文章第五段，第五段段首句提到了grin，提到了牙齿(teeth)，下文提到了维多利亚人的牙齿健康状况一般且不好看，导致他们不愿意在镜头前微笑，故而选D选项。

【干扰项】ABC三个选项的内容在文章中均未出现。

34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas

A. a deep-root belief.

B. a misguided attitude.

C. a controversial view.

D. a thought-provoking idea.

【答案】A。根据题干中的MarkTwain定位至文章最后一段，提到了马克吐温对照相时候微笑的厌恶，这里是用名人的例子来论证前面的观点，故而体现了这是个根深蒂固的习俗，A选项正确。

【干扰项】文章并未提到误导性、争议性和引人深思，故而其他三个选项均为错。

35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?

A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?

D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

【答案】A。本文通篇通过照相技术的发展、维多利亚人牙齿的健康情况，一直在探讨的问题是为什么大多数照片中看不到维多利亚人笑，A选项的lookstern(看起来严肃)是对该内容的近义替换。故而选A。

【干扰项】其他三个选项的内容在文章里均未出现。文章只提到了维多利亚人照相时候对笑的态度，而不是对照相的态度，故而排除B选项;文章中间部分提到了照相技术特别是曝光时间的发展，但并未提到发展缓慢更未提及原因，故而排除C选项;文章提到了维多利亚人照相时不爱笑的传统并分析了其原因，但并未提到后维多利亚时代的是否出现了照片中的笑容，故而排除D选项。